What is a Communications Satellite? | What is All

Today we can contact anyone living in any corner of the world due to the improved technology that served massively to the communication segment. Communications satellite which is also called COMSAT plays a vital role in this matter. It is an artificial satellite that was sent to space to serve telecommunications. It was a traditional satellite, which was replaced by the modern communications satellites. Read further to know what is a communications satellite.

The modern satellites use different orbits which include geostationary orbits, elliptical orbits, Molniya orbits, and low or polar and non-polar Earth orbits. Since telecommunication is very important to stay connected with everyone in the world, more satellites were sent, each with advanced features to serve people well. Today, not only telecommunications, but the advanced web world has given much more convenience and relief to people who can simply stay connected online and make their work done instantly. In order to provide fixed services, communications satellites throw microwave radio relay technology that is balanced with communication cables. Mobile applications also use this technology such as planes, vehicles, ships, TV and radio broadcasting, and hand-held terminals.

Beginning

The first artificial satellite that was sent to space was the Soviet Sputnik 1, launched on 4th October 1957. It was loaded with onboard radio-transmitter. Since then, hundreds and more satellites are sent with new features that guarantee easy-access points.

Communications Satellite

Satellite Internet

From 1990s, the technology has brought satellite communication system that is still used as a medium to internet (via broadband data connections). This system is very much useful to those who reside in remote areas and cannot get access to broadband connections. On the other hand, if you need high availability service then use of broadband data connection will be a good way to go.

Mainly Used by Military Personnel

Communications satellites are widely used by military personnel for variety of reasons. This technology is used for military communications applications like Global Command and Control Systems. United State?s FLTSATCOM, MILSTAR and DSCS are the satellites which are used for military purposes. NATO satellites, Skynet ? UK?s satellite/s, and many others are used for Military reasons.

The basic role of communications satellites is to provide telecommunication services and are used for weather tracking, mobile phone signals, broadcasting television programs, and much more. The satellites are connected on air with earth station and transmit the signal accordingly. Geostationary orbit can be found commonly filled with such satellites.

Tags: communication satellites history, communications satellites, first communications satellite, satellite communication

Source: http://www.whatisall.com/communication/what-is-a-communications-satellite.html

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Romneys paid $1.94 million in fed taxes for 2011

Republican presidential candidate and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney gets out of his vehicle before boarding his campaign plane in West Palm Beach, Fla., Friday, Sept. 21, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

Republican presidential candidate and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney gets out of his vehicle before boarding his campaign plane in West Palm Beach, Fla., Friday, Sept. 21, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

WASHINGTON (AP) ? Mitt Romney and his wife, Ann, paid $1.94 million in federal taxes on last year's income of $13.7 million, for an effective tax rate of 14.1 percent, his campaign said Friday.

That's slightly above the 13.9 percent rate the couple paid in 2010. Most of the 2011 income was from investments.

Campaign officials said the couple filed the return Friday with the Internal Revenue Service, after receiving an extension. They were to publicly release their full 2011 returns late Friday.

Romney's taxes have emerged as a key issue during the 2012 presidential race with President Barack Obama. Romney released his 2010 tax returns and a 2011 estimate in January, but he has declined to disclose his returns from earlier years.

His vast fortune and his long association with Bain Capital, the private equity firm he cofounded, have been much discussed this year.

His campaign earlier estimated that Romney would pay about $3.2 million in taxes for the year, an estimate well above the $1.9 million actually paid. He paid about $3 million in federal income taxes in 2010 ? an effective rate of 13.9 percent.

Critics, including Obama, have urged Romney to release more than just the two years of returns and follow his father's model. When George Romney ran for president, he released 12 years of tax returns.

Mitt Romney's campaign did put out a summary Friday by Brad Malt, the trustee of the couple's blind trust, saying that over the 20-year 1990-2009 period, the Romneys owed both state and federal income taxes and paid federal taxes at an effective annual rate of 20.2 percent

Obama's own tax return for last year showed that he and his wife, Michelle, paid $162,074 in federal taxes on $789,674 in adjusted gross income, an effective tax rate of 20.5 percent. Their income plunged from $1.7 million in 2010, with declining sales of the president's books. In 2009, the Obamas reported income of $5.5 million, fueled by the best-selling books.

The Romneys' exact totals for 2011 were federal taxes of $1,935,708 and on income of $13,696.951.

Most of Romney's income is from investments held in a blind trust, and campaign aides have stressed that he makes no decisions on how his money is invested.

During the 20-year period, the Romneys paid an effective federal income tax rate of between 13.45 percent and 13.66 percent each year, trustee Malt wrote.

For last year, the Romneys claimed a deduction for $2.25 million of their $4.021 million in charitable contributions, Malt said. In the previous year, a large percentage of those contributions went to the Mormon Church.

They could have claimed a higher charitable deduction, Malt said, but the couple "limited their deductions of charitable contributions to conform to the governor's statement (n August, based on the January estimate of income, that he paid at least 13 percent in income taxes in each of the last 10 years."

Romney told reporters in August that he's never paid less than 13 percent of his income in taxes during the past decade. He said that Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid's claim to have heard that he paid no taxes in some years was "totally false."

The former Massachusetts governor, who would be among the richest presidents ever elected, is aggressively competing with Obama for the support of middle class voters. Romney has estimated wealth of as much as $250 million.

His tax rate of 14.1 percent is below that of many Americans because most of it flows from capital gains, which are taxed at 15 percent whereas the top marginal income tax rate now is 35 percent.

On average, middle-income families, those making from $50,000 to $75,000 a year, pay 12.8 percent of their income in federal taxes, according to Congress' Joint Committee on Taxation.

Several tax law experts said Friday that Romney's newly released tax returns would not be much help in uncovering the most persistent mysteries of the candidate's sprawling finances ? whether he used aggressive tax-deferral strategies, what are the specifics and tax advantages of his numerous offshore investments, what is the source of his massive retirement account and what are the details behind his now-closed $3 million Swiss bank account.

The analysts said those details could emerge only if Romney provided far more of his tax returns ? including files dating back to his years at Bain Capital, the private firm he left in 2001. Romney, who initially refused to disclose any tax returns, has drawn the line at providing only his 2010 and 2011 returns.

"The issue has never been Romney's 2011 tax return ? in fact, it is a distraction to the real issues," said Edward D. Kleinbard, a law professor at the University of Southern California and former chief of staff of Congress' Joint Committee on Taxation. "All the important compliance and policy questions relating to Romney's personal tax matters relate to the past."

Only multiple returns would provide details about Romney's $100 million retirement account and how it grew, Kleinbard said. He also earlier returns would be crucial in knowing how often he paid gift tax on family trusts.

Joseph Bankman, a Stanford University law school professor and expert on tax law, said Friday, "It's the Bain years we'd really need to know to have a full assessment of his tax strategies." Bankman said that the 2010 and 2011 returns "only raised these questions, but they can't provide real answers."

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/f70471f764144b2fab526d39972d37b3/Article_2012-09-21-US-Romney-Taxes/id-2916bab2dcc74114a2271fdd0b8ccfda

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Obamas head for "The View", Ann Romney bound for Jay Leno

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Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obamas-head-view-ann-romney-bound-jay-leno-175755145.html

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Window Cleaning, a Simple and Effective Home Improvement Project

professional window cleaning brighton, utDespite their simplicity, windows are important elements of a home or office that can provide spectacular views, light and cool air, along with artistic and design features. It is important that you keep your windows clean and maintained at all times. Instead of performing this task alone, why not let professional cleaners handle the job? Our staff has the skills to thoroughly clean windows of all sizes, whether they are in residential and commercial buildings. We always use the highest quality eco-friendly and biodegradable chemicals and materials to ensure sustainability and safety. To make your home or office more attractive, we make sure that each window is cleaned to a brilliant shine. Call us today and we will provide an estimate before we get to work as quickly as possible.


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NVS Technologies Launches Embedded Mini GNSS Receiver | GPS ...

NVS Technologies AG announces today, from the ION-GNSS 2012 Conference in Nashville, the launch of the NV08C-Mini PCI-E Embedded Mini PCI Express GNSS Receiver.

The NV08C-Mini PCI-E is a fully integrated GNSS receiver module, optimized for Mini PCI Express (Mini-PCIe) based applications. Its key feature is its full compatibility with GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, QZSS, COMPASS (GNSS), and EGNOS, WAAS, MSAS, and GAGAN (SBAS). It is specifically designed for use in a wide range of mobile computing, in-vehicle and rugged handheld computer equipment, for the security/public safety, telematics/fleet management, and precision GIS/survey, machine control, and agriculture markets. Features include:

  • Embedded mini PCI Express GNSS receiver
  • Very quick and simple integration
  • GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, QZSS, COMPASS, SBAS L1
  • Precise navigation, positioning, and timing
  • 32 GNSS tracking channels / 200K correlators ? Ensuring fast TTFF and high signal sensitivity
  • NMEA 0183 / IEC 61162-1, binary (BINR) and RTCM SC-104 v2.3 data protocols
  • Raw Data output ? Pseudorange, Carrier phase and Doppler
  • Individual GLONASS group delay calibration ? Assuring very high accuracy
  • Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) / Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) interface
  • 64 KB EEPROM for firmware upgrade and data storage
  • Industrial operating temperature range ?40 to +85?C

The NV08C-Mini PCI-E offers high sensitivity, high-performance acquisition and tracking, NMEA and raw data outputs, plus Differential (D-GNSS) and Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) functions. Tracking satellites from multiple GNSS constellations ensures much higher availability of navigation signals, when compared to single constellation alternatives, and provides increased performance, accuracy, and reliability, NVS Technologies said. It features two RF channels (GPS and GLONASS), three-stage SAW filtration for high noise immunity, and several protocol interfaces and a supply voltage source for an active antenna. This fully featured embedded Mini PCI-e GNSS receiver is the quickest-to-market solution for mobile computing applications, the company said.

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Source: http://www.gpsworld.com/nvs-technologies-launches-embedded-mini-gnss-receiver/

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Behind the music, Farm Aid's work helps farmers

(AP) ? Farm Aid is synonymous with star-studded rock concerts, like the one expected to draw 30,000 people to southeastern Pennsylvania on Saturday. But the real work of the organization happens mostly behind the scenes across rural America every day.

Singer-songwriter Willie Nelson, president and co-founder of Farm Aid, believes the group's commitment to protecting farmland puts it on "the right side of history."

"Everything helps or hurts, and I think Farm Aid has helped," Nelson said in a telephone interview Wednesday from Minnesota, where he was scheduled to perform in Mankato.

With more than $40 million raised through the musical performances and private contributions since the first Farm Aid concert in 1985, the organization works to keep family farmers on their land by awarding modest cash grants to groups that help small- and medium-size farms across the country. Farm Aid awarded nearly $308,000 to 42 organizations last year.

"Willie is the one who makes all the decisions on where the grants go," said Carolyn Mugar, the organization's executive director.

The Farm Aid website also is a resource for farmers, providing information on a range of topics: how to get into farming, sources of credit for farmers, farm-fresh food as an alternative to food produced by large-scale, mechanized agri-operations.

"I grew up working on farms and I know their problems firsthand," said Nelson, 79. "I don't think it's that big of a stretch for a guy who is a farmer, was a farmer, (to) help if he can. That's what we're supposed to do."

Saturday's nine-hour concert at Hersheypark Stadium in Hershey, 14 miles east of Pennsylvania's capital, is designed to reinforce the Farm Aid message.

Food sold at the concession stands has to be approved by Farm Aid's culinary director. Concert-goers can mingle with farmers and learn about agriculture through interactive exhibits at the "Homegrown Village." Video images of Pennsylvania farms and farmers will be the backdrop for performers on the main stage.

Two Pennsylvania supermarket chains ? Sunbury-based Weis Markets Inc. and Carlisle-based Giant Food Stores Inc. ? are among the concert sponsors. Weis is recruiting volunteers for "greening" work, separating trash into recyclables. Giant is donating food for meals and snacks for the hundreds of people who work backstage.

Scheduled performers include Nelson and fellow Farm Aid board members Neil Young, John Mellencamp and Dave Matthews, as well as Jamey Johnson, Grace Potter & the Nocturnals, Jack Johnson, ALO, Pegi Young and The Survivors, and Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real. Four of Willie Nelson's children ? musicians Lukas, Micah, Amy and Paula ? will join him on stage.

The concert is typically held at different locations each year. The Pennsylvania location is fitting since agriculture is the state's leading industry. Pennsylvania ranks third nationally in direct farmer-to-consumer sales ? after California and New York ? and sixth in the number of organic farms with nearly 600.

Mark O'Neill, spokesman for the Pennsylvania Farm Bureau, said 91 percent of the state's farms are owned by individual families and 7.5 percent are family partnerships or family corporations.

"We think there's room for all farmers," O'Neill said. "We think it's more about the people who are running the operations ? do they care about the crops and the environment? Do they care about the animals?"

Nelson said the people of Pennsylvania are big supporters of family farms.

"And they've shown it by buying 30,000 tickets," he said. "We hope to thank them by putting on a good show."

___

Online: Farm Aid: http://bit.ly/cSOHH5

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/4e67281c3f754d0696fbfdee0f3f1469/Article_2012-09-20-Farm%20Aid/id-7aaaf3ea366f4cb086ed58b12a985aa5

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