Bacterial protein 'mops up' viruses found in contaminated water supplies

Friday, December 16, 2011

Access to clean water is a necessity often taken for granted. However UNICEF estimates that 900 million people across the world do not have access to safe drinking water. New research published in BioMed Central's open access journal BMC Biotechnology shows that an enteric virus-binding protein (EVBP), isolated from bacteria found in activated sludge, is able to capture viruses often present in contaminated water.

One of the difficulties in measuring viral contamination in water is that viruses may be present at a very low concentration yet still make people ill. Even a single enteric virus can infect a human and cause gastroenteritis, and these viruses can survive for a long time in water.

Researchers from Tohoku University and Hokkaido University used activated sludge, produced during sewage treatment by aerating the sewage and allowing bacteria to breakdown organic material, as starting material in their search for a protein able to bind to enteric viruses. Using PCR the researchers isolated the gene coding for one of the subunits of GroEL from sludge DNA. GroEL is a 14 subunit 'chaperone' protein which ensures that proteins are folded correctly during their manufacture.

Using biochemical and enzymatic assays the subunit was found to be able to capture enteric viruses. GroEL is able to bind to hydrophobic amino acids on the surface of proteins and it is thought that the newly isolated EVBP similarly binds to hydrophobic areas on the surfaces of viruses and viral fragments.

Dr Daisuke Sano from Hokkaido University explained, "Unlike virus-specific and expensive antibodies, EVBP bound all the enteric viruses we tested (norovirus, rotavirus and poliovirus). Once developed this easy-to-use method could be used to detect low concentrations of viruses in the clinic or environment."

###

BioMed Central: http://www.biomedcentral.com

Thanks to BioMed Central for this article.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/116105/Bacterial_protein__mops_up__viruses_found_in_contaminated_water_supplies

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US Federal Judge Compares Twitter Users to Colonial Americans [Twitter]

A judge has ruled that prosecuting a man for posting harassing tweets violated his First Amendment rights. Great! But the judges great analogy comparing Twitter users with early American settlers is what really matters here. More »


Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/gizmodo/full/~3/Un42drROOwo/us-federal-judge-compares-twitter-users-to-colonial-americans

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Facebook, Greenpeace end clean energy feud

Facebook and Greenpeace have called a truce over a clean energy feud that had the environmental group using the social network's own platform to campaign against it.

Greenpeace and Facebook said Thursday that they will work together to encourage the use of renewable energy instead of coal. Last year, Facebook opened a data center in Prineville, Ore., using the area's cool nights and dry air to save energy while keeping its systems from overheating. It also received generous tax breaks for adding jobs to the economically struggling region.

But Greenpeace wasn't happy that Facebook picked a power company that generates most of its electricity from coal to power the data center. It started a campaign to get the social network operator to use renewable energy. It attracted some 700,000 supporters on Facebook. Greenpeace said it was ending the campaign and declared victory on its "Unfriend Coal" Facebook page, which was still up Thursday morning.

The page has more than 180,000 followers.

Facebook says it will work with the group to promote clean, renewable energy and encourage other technology companies to do the same. The company said it will now state a "preference for access to clean and renewable energy" when choosing where to build its data centers. But it stopped short of saying it will build only on such sites.

Clean energy has also been big issue for Facebook's Silicon Valley Google Inc. The online search leader has been trying to prove that its business model is environmentally friendly and recently revealed exactly how much electricity it uses (2.3 kilowatt-hours of electricity last year, about the same as what 207,000 U.S. homes would use in a year). It has also invested nearly $1 billion in renewable energy projects such as wind farms and solar projects.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45685106/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/

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Analysis: Gingrich, Romney ready for Iowa sprint (AP)

WASHINGTON ? The final Republican presidential debate before the Jan. 3 Iowa caucus crystalized the strengths and weaknesses of the chief contenders as perhaps no other event thus far.

It reinforced the notion that this is a battle between Mitt Romney and Newt Gingrich unless one of the other five can make a dramatic late run.

Given his likely strength in the Jan. 10 New Hampshire primary, Romney may be able to survive a so-so finish in Iowa. It appears more important for Gingrich to win Iowa, or come close, and Thursday's two-hour televised debate in Sioux City probably helped his cause.

It wasn't so much that the former House speaker had a solid second hour after a somewhat shaky start. It's more that Rep. Ron Paul, the libertarian-leaning Texan, expressed his anti-war, anti-interventionist views so vehemently that he may have turned off mainstream Republicans who otherwise might have helped him to a surprising first-place finish.

"To declare war on 1.2 billion Muslims and say all Muslims are the same, this is dangerous talk," Paul said of the idea of taking pre-emptive action to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons. "Yeah, there are some radicals. But they don't come here to kill us because we're free and prosperous ... They want to do us harm because we're bombing them."

Rep. Michele Bachmann said, "I have never heard a more dangerous answer for American security."

If Paul hurt himself among rank-and-file GOP voters, then Bachmann, Texas Gov. Rick Perry and former Sen. Rick Santorum may have helped themselves with solid performances. Bachmann, who faded after winning a mid-August straw poll in Iowa, was especially forceful in accusing Gingrich of being soft on abortion and hypocritical for taking big consulting fees from mortgage giant Freddie Mac while criticizing its work.

Perry, whose campaign faltered after several weak debate performances, showed humor and a command of several topics. The big question is whether any of these second-tier candidates ? and conceivably, former Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman ? can gain the needed traction that has eluded them for months.

As for Romney and Gingrich, the feisty debate on Fox News laid bare their biggest strengths and vulnerabilities.

Romney, the former Massachusetts governor, once again managed to stay above most quarrels. He seemed well prepared for a challenge to his job-creation record. Romney acknowledged that some jobs were eliminated in corporate restructurings he oversaw at Bain Capital, but the overall effort "added tens of thousands of jobs."

However, Fox News' Chris Wallace, with help from Santorum, bore in on Romney's biggest liability: his changed positions on gun control, gay rights and particularly abortion.

Romney gave his standard response about having a change of heart regarding his former support for abortion rights.

He then got drawn into a complicated back-on-forth about what he meant when he vowed in 1994 to be a better defender of gay rights than Sen. Ted Kennedy, D-Mass., whom he was trying to unseat.

Later, when he was governor, Romney said, the state's highest court "determined that under our constitution, same-sex marriage was required." It wasn't up to him, he said, "to make a choice as to whether we had it or not."

Romney said he fought "to overturn the court's decision" and make marriage "between a man and a woman."

A similarly testy exchange underscored Gingrich's greatest vulnerability: his long, contentious record in Washington, which included some prominent deal-making with Democrats during his 20 years in Congress.

Gingrich rejected the notion that he's an unreliable conservative. He said he pursued conservative but attainable goals, working when necessary with Democrats such as President Bill Clinton and Speaker Tip O'Neill.

"The term `government-sponsored enterprise' has a very wide range of things that do a great deal of good," Gingrich said, defending his $1.6 million consulting fee for Freddie Mac. "There are a lot of very good institutions that are government-sponsored."

Such comments wouldn't raise eyebrows among independent or Democratic voters. But they may open Gingrich to questions from the staunch conservatives who dominate GOP caucuses and primaries.

Republican consultant Alex Castellanos said via Twitter there will be "zillions of negative ads still dropping on Newt's head in Iowa after this debate."

Gingrich also displayed several flashes of the bravado that strikes some people as brilliance, others as arrogance. A former college professor who used deferments to avoid the draft during the Vietnam War, Gingrich said he spent "23 years teaching one- and two-star generals and admirals the art of war."

Condemning what he sees as liberal activism by federal judges, Gingrich said, "I testified in front of sitting Supreme Court justices at Georgetown Law School, and I warned them: `You keep attacking the core base of American exceptionalism, and you are going to find an uprising against you which will rebalance the judiciary.'"

"Just like Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln and FDR," he said, "I would be prepared to take on the judiciary, if in fact it did not restrict itself in what it was doing."

Republican voters in Iowa and New Hampshire have surprised the nation before. At this stage four years ago, many saw Rudy Giuliani as the likeliest GOP nominee.

Perhaps Perry, Bachmann or Santorum will make an 11th hour surge. Maybe Paul drew more fans than he turned off with his isolationist talk Thursday.

But with little more than two weeks left before the Iowa caucus, most are watching to see if Romney and Gingrich can make the most of their strengths and minimize their weaknesses.

___

EDITOR'S NOTE ? Charles Babington covers politics for The Associated Press.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/topstories/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111216/ap_on_an/us_republicans_debate_analysis

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Justice Dept.: Seattle police used excessive force

Seattle police have engaged in excessive force that violated federal law and the Constitution, the U.S. Justice Department said Friday.

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An investigation was launched last spring following the fatal shooting of a homeless, Native American woodcarver and other reported use of force used against minority suspects. The investigation was aimed at determining whether Seattle police have a "pattern or practice" of violating civil rights or discriminatory policing, and if so, what they should do to improve.

"Our findings should serve as a foundation to reform the police department and to help restore the community's confidence in fair, just and effective law enforcement. The problems within SPD have been present for many years and will take time to fix," said Thomas E. Perez, assistant attorney general for the civil rights division.

Federal investigators said they found inadequate systems of supervision and oversight, and that officers too quickly resorted to the use of weapons like batons and flashlights. And Seattle officers escalated situations and used unnecessary force when arresting people for minor offenses, according to the Justice Department.

The American Civil Liberties Union of Washington and 34 other community groups called for the inquiry after a Seattle officer shot and killed the woodcarver, John T. Williams, in 2010.

Video from Officer Ian Birk's patrol car showed Williams crossing the street holding a piece of wood and a small knife, and Birk exiting the vehicle to pursue him. Off camera, Birk quickly shouted three times for Williams to drop the knife, then fired five shots. The knife was found folded at the scene, but Birk later maintained Williams had threatened him.

Birk resigned from the force but was not charged. A review board found the shooting unjustified.

Other incidents captured on surveillance or police-cruiser video include officers using an anti-Mexican epithet and stomping on a prone Latino man who was mistakenly thought to be a robbery suspect; an officer kicking a non-resisting black youth in a convenience store; and officers tackling and kicking a black man who showed up in a police evidence room to pick up belongings after he was mistakenly released from jail.

There was no finding that the Seattle Police Department engaged in discriminatory policing, but federal investigators believe this area needs more research.

"The solution to the problems identified within the Seattle Police Department will require strong and consistent leadership along the chain of command, effective training and policies, and vigilant oversight," said Jenny A. Durkan, U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Washington, who joined Perez for Friday's announcement.

City Councilman Tim Burgess, head of the Public Safety Committee and a former police officer, said in a statement the findings "confirm what many, including myself, have believed for some time ? our police department can do better."

Burgess said the probe raises concerns about department management.

"Over the past 20 years or so, we have gone through repeated evaluations of police accountability," he said. "Yet, every few years, the same issues resurface."

He said he expected Chief John Diaz to work to fix the problem.

Sgt. Rich O'Neill, the police union president, said in a statement he hoped federal investigators would let the department study the data that led to the critical report.

"Officers are often put in very difficult and dangerous situations and all they want are clear and specific ground rules to guide them when making use of force decisions," he said.

Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45699843/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/

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What's the Difference Between a Religion and a Cult?

No. Sociologists started using the word cult with some regularity in the 1970s, to distinguish emerging groups like the Jesus Movement, the Children of God, and Rev. Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church from more established religions, but academics were never able to settle on a clear definition. For many at the time, the essential feature of a cult was that its ideology and structure opposed those of the larger society in which it resided. Where mainstream society is rational, for example, cults are mystical. If most members of a society are individualists, cult members practice collectivism. Other scholars argued that cult members had to be in active conflict with other religions, or that cults always had charismatic leaders who were aggressively recruiting new members. No matter which definition you prefer, no one would ever have referred to the Latter-day Saints as a cult. It has millions of members; its ideology and organizational structure are similar to those of mainstream churches; and an average Mormon?s way of life isn?t radically different from that of any other American.

Source: http://feeds.slate.com/click.phdo?i=b617b5da8dc97e3d2e9da418ea6e930a

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Snoop, Khalifa look to be next Cheech and Chong (AP)

ATLANTA ? Snoop Dogg remembered watching all of the Cheech and Chong movies growing up, idolizing the pothead tandem's ability to always escape from danger in their comedy films.

Wiz Khalifa revered Snoop Dogg for his weed-smoking, ultra-smooth West Coast swagger shown extensively throughout his rap career.

One is the mentor, the other is the protege. Since the two rappers met for the first time last year, they've built a strong rapport with each other and have united to create their own album, "Mac & Devin Go to High School," which was released this week.

The album is the soundtrack of the rappers' upcoming stoner comedy, "Mac & Devin Go to High School," which is expected to be released early next year. The duo feels they are capable of following the footsteps of Cheech and Chong, who gained fame through their marijuana humor.

"They smoked joints, they were funny, they were cool and they would get into real situations," Snoop Dogg said. "To me, that's what me and Wiz represent. A lot of kids growing up don't understand who Cheech and Chong are. So we're the modern-day image of them. We're bringing it back."

Snoop Dogg and Khalifa have embodied the fun-filled, carefree life, with a devotion to smoking marijuana. Their easygoing demeanor is displayed on the duo's single, "Young, Wild & Free," featuring Bruno Mars, which peaked at No. 10 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart.

The rappers are latest popular hip-hop characters to create an album and movie revolved around their pothead excursions. Rapper Redman and Method Man appeared in the 2001 film, "How High."

But Khalifa said he and Snoop Dogg are ""trying to create our own lane.

"There have been others to pave the way for us, so we're just trying to keep it going, and tell our own stories," added Khalifa, who finished a six-city tour with Snoop Dogg this week.

Some believe the rappers are having too much fun with their storytelling. In May, there were reports that school officials canceled the filming of "High School" at Mira Costa High School in Manhattan Beach, Calif., after learning the theme of the movie was centered around marijuana, which is an illegal substance.

When contacted by The Associated Press, school officials declined to comment.

But Snoop Dogg and Khalifa ? who both stand at a lanky 6-foot-4 ? coolly denied there were any problems.

"We heard about it, but it didn't mean much to us," Snoop Dogg said. "We got done what we needed to get done. It was shot and promptly prepared."

Snoop Dogg, 40, took a liking to the 24-year-old Khalifa after he noticed his kids' infatuation with the Pittsburgh-bred rapper's ubiquitous 2010 hit "Black and Yellow." From there, Snoop Dogg invited Khalifa to his home in Los Angeles.

"We have built a bond and a friendship that's going to last a lifetime," Khalifa said. "People will hear it in the music, and see it in the movie."

After a conversation that lasted a few hours, the two rappers decided that same day to collaborate for an album and movie. They didn't waste time, filming the movie and recording the album within a two-month timeframe.

In "High School," Khalifa stars as a senior valedictorian named Devin who is only focused on his academics. He breaks out of his shell after meeting Snoop Dogg's character, Mac, a teenage student (yes, he is playing a teen) who has street smarts but struggles to apply them in the classroom.

Snoop Dogg described his partnership with Khalifa as "a magical situation."

"I've been around magic a lot of times from being with Dr. Dre, Tupac, Master P. and Nate Dogg. What me and Wiz had was a magical moment right there."

___

Online:

http://www.snoopdogg.com

http://www.wizkhalifa.com

___

Follow Jonathan Landrum Jr. on Twitter at http://www.twitter.com/mrlandrum31

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/music/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111216/ap_en_mu/us_music_snoop___wiz

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PFT: Steelers' Harrison suspended 1 game

Cleveland Browns v Pittsburgh SteelersGetty Images

For the first time since the league has placed increased emphasis on player safety arising from illegal in-game hits, a player with a history of illegal in-game hits has been suspended.

The NFL has suspended Steelers linebacker James Harrison one game for his helmet-to-face hit on Browns quarterback Colt McCoy.? The league announced the decision this morning, moments after it was reported by Adam Schefter of ESPN.

Though Schefter says Harrison is expected to miss Monday night?s game against the 49ers, we previously have reported that Harrison will have the ability to pursue an expedited appeal, and to obtain a ruling before the Steelers? next game.? The league?s announcement supports the notion that, if Harrison opts for an expedited appeal and prevails, he will play on Monday in San Francisco.

The appeal would be handled by Art Shell or Ted Cottrell.? The former coaches have been jointly hired, and they are jointly paid, by the NFL and the NFLPA.? NFL V.P. of football operations Ray Anderson will appoint one of them to handle the appeal.

Harrison said Monday that he believes he shouldn?t even be fined for the hit, because McCoy was running with the ball just before he threw to running back Montarrio Hardesty.? The applicable rules, however, protect a quarterback from hits to the head even if he throws while on the run.

Working against Harrison was his history of fines.? He has six since 2009, and the league considers a three-year window when determining discipline.

Though not an express factor in the decision, it surely didn?t help Harrison that he unleashed a torrent of insults at Commissioner Roger Goodell during an interview with Men?s Journal.? ?If that man was on fire and I had to piss to put him out,? Harrison said of Commissioner Roger Goodell, ?I wouldn?t do it.? I hate him and will never respect him.?? Harrison also posed in the interview for a photo with a pair of guns, called Goodell a ?crook? and a ?devil? and a ?puppet? and a ?dictator,? and Harrison described Goodell with a gay slur.

Likewise, the lack or remorse or sensitivity to the rules reflected by Harrison?s Monday remarks surely didn?t help him.

Harrison suggested after absorbing a $75,000 fine in 2010 that he would retire from the game.? The suspension could rekindle such talk, especially since he seems to genuinely believe it was a clean hit on McCoy.

Source: http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/12/13/nfl-suspends-james-harrison-one-game/related/

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Contenders and pretenders for NFL playoffs (AP)

NEW YORK ? The NFL has reached the quarter pole with its share of thoroughbreds. And its share of pretenders.

With four weeks remaining, the Packers, 49ers and Saints have separated themselves in the NFC, and perhaps in the entire league. Green Bay and San Francisco already have secured division titles, and New Orleans is almost there.

The elite of the AFC, while not quite so accomplished, are the Ravens, Steelers, Patriots and Texans.

In the middle is a muddle: all kinds of teams with all kinds of strengths ? and weaknesses.

Nine teams sit at 7-5, and one (Giants) at 6-6. All are in the mix to either win their division or grab a wild-card spot.

Most, if not all of them, are not legitimate championship contenders, no matter how bravely they talk.

Such as what Giants defensive end Justin Tuck said after a 38-35 loss to Green Bay that was New York's fourth straight.

"Hopefully something wakes us back up and lets us understand that we still have a great shot of getting to where we want to get if we come out with that intensity and come out with that passion and play like that every game, we aren't going to lose a lot of games," Tuck said.

Heading down the stretch, here's who really has a shot at making the postseason and doing some damage there:

FAVORITES

The Packers lead the list, naturally, just as they lead the standings at 12-0 and seem headed for an undefeated regular season ? if they decide to chase it. Aaron Rodgers is in the midst of one of the greatest years for any NFL player, quarterback or otherwise. The offense is so dynamic the Packers can outscore the mistakes of their gambling defense, which makes a bunch of them.

Green Bay also has been through the crucible, having won the Super Bowl at the end of a six-game winning string to finish off the 2010 season.

"I think it helps to have done what we did last year," receiver Greg Jennings said.

Two years ago, it was New Orleans leading the charmed life. Drew Brees has an even deeper, more dangerous receiving corps and backfield than in 2009, and while the Saints also have issues on defense, they, too, can outscore them.

Plus, the Saints understand the pressures of chasing a championship.

The 49ers most certainly don't as they have become one of the NFL's surprise success stories. Having clinched their first playoff berth since 2002, the Niners have the kind of rugged, versatile defense that gives any team a chance.

"It's not a Hollywood team," coach Jim Harbaugh said. "It's a blue-collar team."

Four AFC teams are 9-3 and, barring collapses, are headed to the postseason. New England, Baltimore and Pittsburgh are the perennials, Houston the newcomer. Unlike the NFC's best, though, each carries some hefty question marks.

As long as Tom Brady is slinging the ball and Bill Belichick is masterminding game plans, the Patriots can't be discounted. Their defense, though, isn't particularly reliable, with a secondary that makes big plays and gives them up, and a so-so pass rush. Plus, they have lost their last three postseason games, two at home. There's no air of invincibility around them.

Nor is there one around AFC defending champion Pittsburgh, which must protect Ben Roethlisberger better and create more turnovers on defense. Still, the Steelers are coming on.

Baltimore might have the best balance of offense, defense and special teams in the AFC, with game-breakers (Ray Rice, Terrell Suggs, Haloti Ngata) on both sides of the ball. If the Ravens have cured their tendency to play down to the level of the opposition and can get home-field advantage for the entire playoffs, they could be formidable.

Houston, closing in on its first playoff appearance in its 10th season, is using a rookie third-string quarterback and has been ravaged by injuries, yet has responded superbly. The Texans need to maintain their winning formula even without some key players, a difficult enough challenge in the regular season. The remaining schedule is not the most rugged with Cincinnati, Carolina, Indianapolis and Tennessee remaining.

PRETENDERS

Even with the enticing story they are writing with Tim Tebow, a forceful defense and some great clutch performances, it's difficult to see the Broncos riding deep into the playoffs. Same for the Raiders, who are tied with Denver atop the AFC West but who have huge issues on defense and with penalties. One of them will win the division ? their schedules are similar and they don't meet again ? and not much more.

Dallas can be dangerous in the NFC East, and also can be a flop, as it proved Sunday at Arizona and nearly did on Thanksgiving Day against Miami. You don't face anyone on the Cardinals' or Dolphins' level in the playoffs.

The Cowboys might not even get out of the division if they don't at least split with the Giants, who trail them by a game and have significant problems running the ball and covering the pass.

Cincinnati can't beat any of the good teams on its schedule, Chicago is down to a backup quarterback and its key offensive player, RB Matt Forte, has an injured right knee. Undisciplined on the field, Detroit is in semi-free-fall.

The Jets won't match their last two Januarys, in which they made the AFC title game, unless their defense tackles and covers better, their special teams hold onto the ball and they get a running game to take pressure off QB Mark Sanchez. Tennessee probably needs to beat New Orleans or Houston to grab a wild-card slot, but at least its best player, Chris Johnson, is hitting his peak and is capable of carrying the Titans higher than projected.

That leaves Atlanta, the one "outsider" with the best chance of having an impact in the final four weeks. For that to happen, the Falcons need to emulate their regular season of 2010, when they were the NFC's top seed. And soon.

Coach Mike Smith expects it will happen.

"We have not played smart, we have not played consistent and I don't believe we've played as focused as we need to be," he said. "And I think that shows that during different parts of a football game, we're hitting on all cylinders and then other times, we're not. That's something we've got to get fixed as a team and we're going to do this thing together."

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/sports/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20111205/ap_on_sp_fo_ne/fbn_on_football_playoff_races

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